Neurosurgery and Neuroscience

Brain–Computer Interfaces & Human Augmentation Technologies

Brain–computer interfaces and human augmentation technologies are reshaping the interaction between neural activity and external devices by enabling direct communication pathways that bypass traditional motor or sensory systems. These systems decode brain signals to control prosthetic limbs, computers, communication platforms, and robotic assistive tools, offering transformative possibilities for individuals with paralysis, neurodegenerative diseases, and motor impairments. Advances in microelectrode design, wireless implants, high-density neural recording, and machine learning algorithms enhance signal clarity, stability, and decoding accuracy. Noninvasive techniques such as EEG-based interfaces and functional optical systems expand accessibility while maintaining adaptive performance. Human augmentation research explores expanded cognitive and physical capabilities through neural integration, augmented perception, and enhanced control systems. Ethical considerations focus on safety, consent, long-term implantation effects, and equitable access to emerging technologies. As development accelerates, brain–computer interfaces continue to evolve toward more intuitive, durable, and clinically meaningful applications, bridging neuroscience and engineering to unlock new dimensions of human potential.